Foreseeable Harm Standard

Introduction
The 2016 amendments to FOIA codified the foreseeable harm standard that was set out in Attorney General Eric Holder's 2009 memorandum.

Text of the Foreseeable Harm Standard
See also Text of the FOIA

5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)
 * (A) An agency shall—
 * (i) withhold information under this section only if—
 * (I) the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by an exemption described in subsection (b); or
 * (II) disclosure is prohibited by law; and
 * (ii)
 * (I) consider whether partial disclosure of information is possible whenever the agency determines that a full disclosure of a requested record is not possible; and
 * (II) take reasonable steps necessary to segregate and release nonexempt information; and
 * (B) Nothing in this paragraph requires disclosure of information that is otherwise prohibited from disclosure by law, or otherwise exempted from disclosure under subsection (b)(3).”

Scope and application of the foreseeable harm standard
The legislative history of the 2016 amendments makes clear that agencies must determine whether the release of “particular documents” will cause foreseeable harm, not simply generic categories of records. .

The first case to address the foreseeable harm standard is Ecological Rights Foundation v. FEMA, from the Northern District of California. The plaintiff in that case submitted FOIA requests to FEMA seeking "information regarding FEMA's compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) during the course of FEMA's implementation of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in California." The agency produced some records and withheld others in part and in full under Exemption 6 and Exemption 5. Ruling on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, the court held that FEMA had not adequately justified its use of the deliberative process privilege for several reasons, including a failure to satisfy the foreseeable harm standard. Specifically, the Court stated: Lastly, FEMA fails to explain how disclosure would expose FEMA's decision-making process so as to discourage candid discussion. FEMA also does not provide any justification for how the agency would be harmed by disclosure as required by the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i). Absent a showing of foreseeable harm to an interest protected by the deliberative process exemption, the documents must be disclosed. In failing to provide basic information about the deliberative process at issue and the role played by each specific document, FEMA does not meet its burden of supporting its withholdings with detailed information pursuant to the deliberative process privilege. In Rosenberg v. DOD, plaintiffs filed a FOIA request for emails to senior DOD officials sent by retired Marine Corps General John F. Kelly relating to Joint Task Force Guantánamo. Defendant's production withheld and redacted documents pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7(E). In holding that the Defendant had not properly justified withholding information under Exemptions 1 and 5, the Court cited Ecological Rights Foundation 's interpretation of the foreseeable harm standard. Specifically, the Court stated:"To satisfy the “foreseeable harm” standard, DOD must explain how a particular Exemption 5 withholding would harm the agency’s deliberative process. DOD may take a categorical approach—that is, group together like records—but in that case, it must explain the foreseeable harm of disclosure for each category."