Affirmative Disclosures

Introduction
Affirmative disclosures are sometimes alternatively referred to as "proactive" disclosures.

Some agency information is either required to be affirmatively published by the agency, or is otherwise required to be made available without waiting for a specific request to be made under 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(3). All proactively disclosed records should, to the extent practicable, be posted online on agency websites. Only existing records, not future ones, are subject to affirmative disclosure requirements.

However, note that in some circumstances, it may still be appropriate for agencies to "withhold" (i.e., not make available) a record, or portion of a record, which is otherwise designated for proactive disclosure if it falls within a FOIA exemption, just as is done in response to FOIA requests.

Information required to be published under subsection (a)(1)
All federal agencies must publish certain types of records. Under 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(1), agencies are required to publish the following categories of information in the federal register:
 * (A) descriptions of its central and field organization and the established places at which, the employees (and in the case of a uniformed service, the members) from whom, and the methods whereby, the public may obtain information, make submittals or requests, or obtain decisions;
 * (B) statements of the general course and method by which its functions are channeled and determined, including the nature and requirements of all formal and informal procedures available;
 * (C) rules of procedure, descriptions of forms available or the places at which forms may be obtained, and instructions as to the scope and contents of all papers, reports, or examinations;
 * (D) substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretations of general applicability formulated and adopted by the agency; and
 * (E) each amendment, revision, or repeal of the foregoing.

The provision additionally states that: "Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person may not in any manner be required to resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be published in the Federal Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the class of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by reference therein with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register."

Descriptions of Central and field organization and places to obtain information

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Describing the the central office of an agency will generally entail stating the whereabouts and address of its national headquarters. It is also common to include a summary of the departments housed within the central office, and the types of activities for which those departments are responsible.

Describing the field organisation of an agency means outlining its basic organizational hierarchy. Typically, key regional centers will be identified and their addresses listed. The chain of command among key personnel may also be outlined.

If there is any other specific place at which the public can or should seek particular information, this should also be identified.

Statements of the general course and method of functions

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Rules of procedure

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Substantive rules and policy

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Information required to be made available under under subsection (a)(2)
Section 552(a)(2) of the FOIA applies to four categories of agency records that, while not automatically published in the federal register under subsection (a)(1) of the FOIA, must routinely be made "available for public inspection and copying."

This "public inspection" requirement is satisfied by providing the public with access to the designated documents automatically and without waiting for a FOIA request.

Note that the proactive disclosure provision of the FOIA imposes an affirmative disclosure obligation that requires agencies to not only maintain, but also to continuously update, the records in each of the four categories designated by subsection (a)(2) of the FOIA.

The four categories are as follows:
 * (A) final opinions, including concurring and dissenting opinions, as well as orders, made in the adjudication of cases;
 * (B) those statements of policy and interpretations which have been adopted by the agency and are not published in the Federal Register;
 * (C) administrative staff manuals and instructions to staff that affect a member of the public;
 * (D) copies of all records, regardless of form or format, which have been released to any person under paragraph (3) (i.e. by way of a specific request) and which, because of the nature of their subject matter, the agency determines have become or are likely to become the subject of subsequent requests for substantially the same records; and
 * (E) a general index of the records referred to under subparagraph (D)[.]

Final opinions made in the adjudication of cases

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Final opinions have included:
 * National Labor Relations Board "advice and appeals" memorandum deciding not to file unfair labor complain, when decision not to file effectively put an end to formal complaint procedure
 * Parole decisions denying inmate applications for parole

But have excluded:
 * Agency report of voluntarily conducted internal investigation into propriety of protection, because this determination was neither "case" nor "adjudication"

Statements of policy and interpretations

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Such statements have included:
 * Social Security Ruling providing examples of medical conditions to be treated as "per se nonsevere"
 * HHS documents that advised regional offices of agency's view on policy matters pertaining to certain welfare programs
 * IRS Field Service Advice Memoranda
 * Agency submissions to a trade panel containing an agency's interpretation of U.S.'s international legal obligations

But have excluded:
 * Opinions in which Judge Advocates General of Army and Navy had authority only to dispense legal advice -- rendered in subject areas for which those officials did not have authority to act on behalf of agency

Administrative staff manuals that affect a member of the public
Such manuals have included:
 * DEA agents' manual concerning treatment of confidential informants and search warrant procedures
 * In the private section, a "Training Course for Compliance Safety and Health Officers" including all instructor and student manuals, training slides, films, and visual aids
 * Memoranda approved by Office of Standards Enforcement, which set forth agency's policy regarding sampling plans that office had to follow when tire failed lab test under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

But have excluded:
 * Administrative staff manuals pertaining to military hospital procedures did not "affect the public"

Released records likely to be the subject of subsequent requests
Under this provision, when records are disclosed in response to a FOIA request, an agency is required to determine whether they have been the subject of multiple FOIA requests (i.e., two or more additional ones) or, in the agency's best judgment based upon the nature of the records and the types of requests regularly received, are likely to be the subject of multiple requests in the future. So, the obligation to 'make available' will be triggered by either the receipt or anticipation of a third FOIA request.

Because public interest in the "frequently requested" records category may wane with time, agencies may exercise judgment as to the length of time that these records should be maintained on their websites.

Index of records
An agency should provide an index of all those records made available because they are (or are likely to be) requested frequently. The index should ensure that members of the public are readily able to locate and access the relevant records.

Ordinarily this "indexing" obligation will be met simply by providing a direct link to each document falling into the "frequently requested" category.

Exception to subsection (a)(2)
In an exception to the FOIA's proactive disclosure requirement, records that are published and offered for sale by an agency, either directly or indirectly are not required to be proactively disclosed under subsection (a)(2).

Enforcement of affirmative disclosure requirements

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