Appellate Practice


 * This article is part of a series on Litigation

Introduction
A requester who is unhappy with the outcome of proceedings in district court may wish to seek an appeal.

What decisions can be appealed?
The majority of FOIA cases are decided by summary judgment, and decisions granting a motion for summary judgment usually are immediately appealable. However, this is not ordinarily the case re: other orders that may be issued during a FOIA lawsuit. For example:
 * District court's denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final and appealable order
 * Partial grant of summary judgment is not a final and appealable order
 * District court's order that a Vaughn Index be filed
 * The grant of an "Open America" stay of proceedings is not a decision that is immediately appealable
 * An "interim" award of attorney fees is not appealable until the conclusion of the district court proceedings in the case
 * A district court's determination with respect to a FOIA plaintiff's fee category likewise is not subject to immediate appeal

Note that where there is a final order requiring that an agency disclose the relevant records, courts typically grant the government's request for a stay pending appeal because release of the information would disrupt the status quo and cause irreparable harm by mooting the issue on appeal.

Appellate standard of review

 * →Help wanted! Contribute to the FOIA Wiki by adding information in this section. Be sure to read the FOIA Wiki Policies before getting started, and remove this tag when you're done.

The following Circuits adopt a pure de novo standard of review (that is to say, they consider the case afresh, with no regard to the factual or legal conclusions previously reached by the district court):
 * First
 * Second
 * Sixth
 * Eighth
 * Ninth
 * Tenth
 * DC.

The remainder of U.S. Circuits use a two-step test, whereby the appeal court first determines whether adequate factual basis exists to support district court's decisions, and if so, then reviews district court's conclusions of fact for clear error and its legal rulings de novo.

Issues raised for the first time on appeal
Generally, in FOIA cases the government "must assert all exemptions at the same time, in the original district court proceedings . . . [because] the delay caused by permitting the government to raise its FOIA exemption claims one at a time interferes both with the statutory goals of efficient, prompt, and full disclosure of information, and with interests of judicial finality and economy." Courts, however, have recognized two exceptions to the so-called Maydak rule: The first is for "extraordinary circumstances where, from pure human error, the government failed to invoke the correct exemption and will have to release information compromising national security or sensitive, personal, private information unless the court allows it to make an untimely exemption claim.' The second is "where a substantial change in the factual context of the case or an interim development in the applicable law forces the government to invoke an exemption after the original district court proceedings have concluded. "

Other issues on appeal

 * →Help wanted! Contribute to the FOIA Wiki by adding information in this section. Be sure to read the FOIA Wiki Policies before getting started, and remove this tag when you're done.